Effects of different feeding levels during a 14-week preweaning phase in dairy heifer calves on telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number in blood

Telomeres cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, and the telomere length (TL) is related to cellular age. The mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) reflects the abundance of mitochondria in a cell. In addition to generating energy, mitochondria are also the main producers of reactive oxygen species, which in turn can accelerate TL attrition and impair mitochondrial function. Nutrition in early life could influence mtDNAcn and TL in later life. In the present study, we investigated the effects of feeding different levels of milk replacer (MR) on TL shortening and energetic status by examining mtDNAcn of heifers during their first year of life. In this study, whole blood samples were obtained from German Holstein heifer calves 36 to 48 h after birth (wk 1) and at wk 12 and wk 16 of life (n = 37), as well as from 31 calves when reaching 1 yr of age. Calves were fed either a high level of MR (14% solids) at 10 L/d (1.4 kg of MR/d; n = 18) or a restrictive low level at 5.7 L/d (0.8 kg of MR/d; n = 19) until linear weaning in wk 13 to 14 of life. Additional whole blood samples were taken from their respective dams 36 to 48 h after calving. Relative TL (qT) and mtDNAcn in cells from whole blood were measured by multiplex quantitative PCR. The greatest qT values were observed in neonates (36–48 h after birth), with decreasing qT values thereafter. Delta qT values were calculated as ΔqT = qT (first year of life) ? initial qT (36–48 h after birth). We found no effect of the feeding regimen on qT values, but qT decreased with age. The mtDNAcn was lowest in neonates, increased until wk 12 of life, and then remained at a constant level until after weaning (wk 16). After the first year of life, mtDNAcn was decreased and returned to levels comparable to those of the neonatal stage. No differences in mtDNAcn were detectable between feeding groups within each time point. When comparing the values of qT and mtDNAcn between the calves and their dams after calving (36–48 h after birth and after calving), greater values were observed in calves than in dams. Delta qT values were negative in all but 2 calves (on the restricted diet), indicating that the change in TL with age was not uniform among individual animals, whereas no difference in mean ΔqT values occurred between the feeding groups. Additional analyses of the correlation between qT, mtDNAcn, and various indicators of oxidative status from birth until wk 16 of life did not indicate major interactions between oxidative status, qT and mtDNAcn. The results of this study support an age-dependent decrease of TL in calves independent of the MR feeding level and show the dynamic changes of mtDNAcn in early life.     

甘油浓度对高压腐蚀箔的性能影响

甘油作为缓蚀剂对铝电解电容器阳极腐蚀铝箔孔洞的生长有显著的抑制效果,随甘油浓度增加,孔洞长度和数目减少,孔洞均匀性明显改善,腐蚀箔的比电容先增大后减少。当甘油浓度为0.5 g/L时腐蚀箔的比电容达到最大值0.776μF/cm2。     

含噻吩的共轭微孔聚合物的合成与表征

以对溴碘苯为原料,通过Sonogashira偶联反应,Suzuki偶联反应,八羰基二钴催化的三聚反应,FeCl3氧化关环反应,成功合成了一种未见文献报道的含噻吩的六苯基苯共轭微孔聚合物,该共轭微孔聚合物经XRD测试为无序结构,TG研究结果表明热稳定性良好;其最大吸收峰位于380 nm处,发射出黄色荧光,该共轭微孔聚合物较单体波长发生红移,是聚合后链长增加共轭效应增强的结果。     

Verbundverhalten von Vollgewindeschrauben in Brettschichtholzbauteilen

Bond behaviour of self‐tapping screws being used as reinforcement in glue‐laminated timber elements – Part 2: Analytical and numerical investigations as well bond model derivation for the calculation of anchorage length In favor of the investigation of bond behaviour, force transfer and anchorage length of self‐tapping screws, several tests have been realized at the Chair of Structures and Structural Design in cooperation with the Institute for Building Material Research of the RWTH Aachen University. The experimental investigations comprise more than 160 pull‐out tests of screws with long embedment length and over 84 load distributions tests. Additionally, several tests displaying the effect of longitudinal cracks in the surrounding wood as well as the effect of the screw tip have been conducted. Through various analyses of the bond behaviour, the experimental investigations form the basis for the calibration and evaluation of the numerical models and allow a prediction of the force transfer of the screws in glue‐laminated elements. Design rules that enable the application of the self‐tapping screws as reinforcement in timber elements have been derived from the knowledge obtained in the experimental and numerical investigations. This paper, which results from a research project funded by the German Research Foundation [1], presents the results of investigations on the bond behavior of self‐tapping screws in glue‐laminated timber elements. Part 1 elaborates on the experimental investigations [2] whereas part 2 illustrates the numerical analyses and presents a bond model, which enables the design of the anchorage length and the safe application of the screws as reinforcement in timber elements.     

活性粉末混凝土中带肋钢筋搭接性能试验研究#br#

为明确活性粉末混凝土RPC（reactive powder concrete）中带肋钢筋搭接连接的受力性能,合理确定RPC中纵筋的搭接长度,以纵筋搭接长度、RPC强度、搭接钢筋净距和配箍率为试验参数,对39个RPC中的钢筋搭接连接试件进行对拉试验,获得各试验参数对RPC中带肋钢筋搭接连接性能的影响规律。结果表明：对拉荷载作用下,RPC中带肋钢筋搭接连接分别出现钢筋拔出和拉断两种破坏模式,对于保护层厚度小于2倍钢筋直径的拔出破坏试件,一般还伴随外围RPC劈裂裂缝的出现;对于拔出破坏试件,搭接区域的搭接强度随搭接长度增大而略有减小、随RPC强度和配箍率的增加而增大;相较于搭接长度为100mm的试件,搭接长度为150mm试件的搭接强度约减小5%;强度等级为100MPa、120MPa和150MPa的RPC与直径为20mm带肋钢筋间的搭接强度分别约为17.5MPa、19.5MPa和21.1MPa;相较于未配箍筋试件,配箍率为0.34%和0.75%试件的搭接强度分别提高7.8%和13.1%;相较于钢筋净距为20mm试件,净距为0和40mm试件的搭接强度分别约减小5%和8%,但净距40mm试件搭接强度的降低主要是由于试件RPC保护层厚度过小,使得钢筋外围RPC产生劈裂所致。根据试验结果,建立搭接区域钢筋表面搭接强度及临界搭接长度的计算公式,并以该文及其他研究者的试验结果验证了所提公式的适用性,据此可确定带肋钢筋在RPC中的临界搭接长度。     

纵向通风下隧道长度对临界风速的影响分析

临界风速可有效控制烟气蔓延,是隧道防灾通风重要参数。为分析隧道长度对临界风速的影响,采用量纲分析法构建临界风速与隧道长度关系公式,并分别在5 MW和30 MW火源热释放速率下,对不同长度隧道的火灾进行数值模拟以量化研究隧道长度对临界风速的影响。结果表明,隧道长度对临界风速具有影响,且不同火源释放速率时影响也有所不同:无量纲火源热释放速率小于0.15时,临界风速随隧道长度增大呈现1/41次方增长关系;无量纲火源热释放速率高于0.15时,临界风速随隧道长度增大呈现1/25次方增长关系。进而建立了考虑隧道长度的无量纲临界风速计算公式。     

A simplified method for instability and second‐order load effects of framed structures: Story‐based approach

Several building codes such as ANSI/AISC 360‐16 and EC3 EN 1993‐1‐1 require the use of a proper design method to consider instability and second‐order load effect problems for individual system elements and the entire structural system. Various methods are available to assess stability. All of these methods should consider P‐Δ and P‐δ effects (second‐order effects). The following calculation procedures are presented in this study: (a) a simplified method is developed for P‐Δ and P‐δ analysis in regular frames under the effect of constant axial loads to obtain story drifts and end moments; (b) this method can be applied to an entire building or any individual story, that is, story‐based design is possible; and (c) column effective length factors are obtained for individual columns. In addition, design tables are presented.     

Design criteria for impact factors based on dynamic on-site data in railway bridges

To evaluate the dynamic behaviours of bridges, many researchers have analysed interactions between vehicles and bridges with numerical methods instead of field loading tests. However, conventional numerical methods take too much time and cost to evaluate the impact factor of bridges in design and maintenance practice. The objective of this study was to propose improved design criteria by using impact factors based on natural frequency rather than span length of railway bridges using dynamic field load-carrying capacity test database. The improved design criteria use a different methodology than that outlined in the International Union of Railway specifications Code. Statistical regressions are applied to more easily estimate the natural frequency of a bridge with a span length of 20?m or longer with steel plate girder or truss superstructures. Calculated impact factors were compared to impact factors obtained from field measurements. Results indicated that the improved method could provide a very reliable estimation for actual impact factors. Since the suggested impact factor criteria are conservative, the proposed method can be used in design and management stages to consider dynamic effects of railway bridges in a more intuitive manner.     

甘肃北山芨芨采石场岩体节理特征研究

 芨芨采石场是我国高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区有利候选地段之一。采用综合节理测量法在芨芨采石场进行详细的节理调查，共获得13 012条节理数据。根据芨芨采石场内的断层将该区域初步划分为3个岩体结构均质区和2个断层影响区。基于圆形窗口法原理编制计算程序，分析断层两侧节理的平均迹长和迹线中点面密度的变化，确定断层对节理分布的影响范围，准确划分岩体结构均质区的大小，并得出各均质区节理的平均迹长和迹线中点面密度；采用节理玫瑰花图和节理极点图法，得出各均质区节理的优势组，对各优势组的产状进行统计分析。芨芨采石场的岩体节理以陡倾角的剪节理为主，节理倾向和倾角符合正态分布；统计分析各优势组的节理间距，得出各优势组节理间距符合负指数分布。按照ISRM提出的《岩体不连续面定量描述的建议方法》(1978)，采石场各结构均质区的节理间距都属于宽间距，表明岩体完整性较好。本次研究得到芨芨采石场岩体节理基本特征的定量化参数，为岩体力学和渗流特性的深入研究提供必要的数据。     

各柱u(u=kl)不等的带支撑框架的稳定性分析

对于设置了支撑的框架结构 ,并且各柱的u(u =kl)不全相等时的稳定性问题进行了研究 ;对临界荷载和支撑刚度的关系进行了深入分析和探讨 ;分析了荷载不对称的影响。得出一系列结论 ,指导实际设计。